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THE PHYSICAL EDITION

Balance and Blocks

Vince wants to lift Duck's end of a tiny seesaw. He tries matching blocks, moves them and adds one more, discovering how weight and position work together.

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Explore the science

A load can tip a seesawPages 1–2

Vince watches his yellow toy duck on the low end of a wooden beam. The other end is raised. A load away from the pivot can turn the beam toward its side. The lowered end rests on the mat.

Ask together: Which end is down?

Choose objects to comparePages 3–4

Duck waits beside the tray while Vince puts one matched block on the beam. The three blocks are alike in weight as well as appearance. Using matched objects helps Vince compare their positions.

Ask together: What will Vince try with his blocks?

Matching weight and distancePages 5–6

Vince steadies the beam as he places a block opposite the first. After he releases it, the beam is level. Equal weights at matching distances can balance a centered beam. This brief result does not promise that the beam will stay level after a disturbance.

Ask together: Where are the two blocks?

Position changes turning effectPages 7–8

Vince moves the right block farther from the pivot. That side tips down after he lets go. The block has not become heavier. Farther from the pivot, it has a greater turning effect.

Ask together: What changed while the blocks stayed the same?

Restore the comparisonPages 9–10

Vince moves the other block out too, steadies the beam, and releases it to find level again. Matching the distances restores equal opposing turning effects. Vince prepares the level position by hand.

Ask together: How did Vince match the blocks this time?

More weight at one positionPages 11–12

Vince stacks the third block on the left block. The pair's side goes down. The pair shares one horizontal position. Adding a matched block increases that side's turning effect.

Ask together: What is different on the low side?

Weight and distance work togetherPages 13–14

Vince steadies the beam while moving the pair closer to the pivot. The two close blocks balance the single block farther away for a moment. For matched blocks and a centered beam at level, two can balance one when their shared center is about half as far from the pivot. Real materials need adjustment.

Ask together: Which blocks are closer to the middle?

Try a discovery with a new objectPages 15–16

Vince tries a place for the duck and a closer place for one block, then releases the level beam. The duck and block need not weigh the same. Vince adjusts their positions to balance their opposing turning effects.

Ask together: How has Duck's ride changed since the beginning?

Sources and evidence

  1. A centered uniform beam with a load on only one side tends to turn down on that side.

    Lifting with a Lever — Ben Finio, Science Buddies

    Center of Gravity — Exploratorium Teacher Institute

    Rigid approximately uniform beam; narrow freely rocking support; sufficient load to exceed friction. A down end may rest on the mat; it is not then in free balance.

  2. Equal-weight blocks at equal distances on opposite sides can balance the centered beam.

    Lifting with a Lever — Ben Finio, Science Buddies

    9.3 Stability — OpenStax College Physics 2e

    Identical looking does not always mean identical mass; these three matched wooden cubes are one set. Center the unloaded beam first.

    Equal moments at level do not imply self-righting. Vince steadies the beam level before release; the result is brief and may tip again. Physical support friction and load height affect stability.

  3. With equal loads, moving one farther from the pivot increases its turning effect; matching the other distance can restore balance.

    Lifting with a Lever — Ben Finio, Science Buddies

    9.3 Stability — OpenStax College Physics 2e

    Distance is horizontal distance from pivot to load center, not distance from the edge. Keep pivot/beam/blocks fixed except specified moved block.

    Equal moments at level do not imply self-righting. Vince steadies the beam level before release; the result is brief and may tip again. Physical support friction and load height affect stability.

  4. Adding a matched block at the same side/distance increases that side's turning effect.

    Lifting with a Lever — Ben Finio, Science Buddies

    Stack the pair centered at the same longitudinal position; added mass, not increased height, causes the changed moment at level.

  5. Two equal blocks can balance one if their shared center is about half as far from the pivot as the single block.

    Lifting with a Lever — Ben Finio, Science Buddies

    9.3 Stability — OpenStax College Physics 2e

    Idealized weight-distance relation at level; friction, block variation and beam balance require small practical adjustment. Exact illustration is not measured data.

    Equal moments at level do not imply self-righting. Vince steadies the beam level before release; the result is brief and may tip again. Physical support friction and load height affect stability.

  6. A differently weighted toy and block can balance by adjusting their distances from the pivot.

    Lifting with a Lever — Ben Finio, Science Buddies

    Center of Gravity — Exploratorium Teacher Institute

    9.3 Stability — OpenStax College Physics 2e

    Toy has an unspecified mass; do not imply one duck equals one block. Final duck farther out and denser wooden cube nearer support is plausible for a light hollow duck; art is illustrative.

    Equal moments at level do not imply self-righting. Vince steadies the beam level before release; the result is brief and may tip again. Physical support friction and load height affect stability.

  7. An adult can explore these relationships with a stiff strip, a low support and matched large blocks, making small adjustments.

    Lifting with a Lever — Ben Finio, Science Buddies

    9.3 Stability — OpenStax College Physics 2e

    Source uses ruler/pencil/weights; our broad smooth strip/low triangular wood support is an adaptation, not a physically tried kit. Prebalance beam and confirm each comparison. Use light large pieces on a low surface; keep fingers clear. Not a claim that every toy/beam works.

    Equal moments at level do not imply self-righting. Vince steadies the beam level before release; the result is brief and may tip again. Physical support friction and load height affect stability.

Water and Wind

Water and Wind, pages 1–2: Wind moves the pinwheel.

Spread 1 / 12

Wind tickles my cheek. Round goes my pinwheel.

Explore the science

Wind & forcesPages 1–2

Wind moves the pinwheel. Wind is moving air. Vince feels it on his cheek and sees it push the pinwheel's angled blades.

Ask together: What tells you that the air is moving?

Currents & eddiesPages 3–4

Water passes the rock. A leaf circles behind it. Most water passes the rock; some circles back in an eddy. Laminar flow is orderly; turbulence is irregular, mixing motion. A swirl alone cannot distinguish them.

Ask together: How does the leaf move compared with the water passing the rock?

Waves & energyPages 5–6

Waves spread from the stream. The duck bobs. The falling stream makes waves that carry energy outward and make the toys bob. The stream's current also carries toys along. Bobbing and drifting are different motions.

Ask together: What moves up and down? What moves along the pond?

BuoyancyPages 7–8

A duck floats. A pebble sinks. Water pushes upward on both objects. This buoyancy balances the duck's weight, but not the pebble's. The pebble's splash makes the rings on the next spread.

Ask together: Where is each object compared with the surface?

When waves meetPages 9–10

Two wave patterns approach one another. When gentle waves overlap, their heights add, briefly raising or lowering the surface. This interference does not erase the waves; they continue through one another.

Ask together: What might happen where the two patterns meet?

Surface tensionPages 11–12

Tiny dents appear beneath the strider’s legs. Surface tension helps support the strider where its water-repellent legs dent the water. The duck floats mainly by displacing water.

Ask together: What do you notice where its legs meet the water?

Suction & pressurePages 13–14

The duck bubbles, fills and squirts. Squeeze underwater: air bubbles out. Release with the opening submerged: the elastic duck springs back, lowering pressure inside. The surrounding water pressure pushes water in. Squeeze above water: water exits through that same opening.

Ask together: What changes when Vince squeezes and then lets go?

Lift & gravityPages 15–16

A paper plane glides forward and down. The throw starts the plane moving. Airflow around its wings produces lift and turns air downward. Gravity pulls down; drag resists motion. In still air, the plane glides forward and gradually descends.

Ask together: Where might the plane go next?

ViscosityPages 17–18

Milk runs. Honey stretches into a thread. Honey's greater viscosity means greater resistance to flow. It makes a slow thread while milk runs readily. Temperature and pouring method also matter; this snack is an observation, not a controlled test.

Ask together: How do the milk and honey move differently?

Draining & swirlingPages 19–20

Foam curves inward toward the drain. Gravity drives water through the drain. Existing turning motion can become a curved inward flow, traced by foam. Here water travels to the outlet, unlike waves crossing the pond. Not every drain swirls.

Ask together: Can you follow the foam toward the drain?

Scientific observationPages 21–22

Vince sketches what he noticed. Vince records something he noticed. Drawings, marks or words let him return to an observation. He does not need all the answers.

Ask together: Which earlier picture matches one of his drawings?

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